PR-10 proteins are widely distributed in plants, playing a pivotal role in defense mechanisms against various pathogens. In grapes, these allergenic proteins mainly include Vit v 1, responsible for eliciting allergic responses. Structurally, Vit v 1 adopts a unique three-dimensional fold, characterized by a β-barrel motif and a hydrophobic cavity that potentially binds small ligands. This intricate structure contributes to its allergenic properties, making it recognizable by the immune system of sensitive individuals.
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Allergy is a common hypersensitivity condition worldwide. It can be treated by allergen-specific immunotherapies (AIT). Natural allergen extracts do not fulfill the regulatory requirements for allergy vaccine manufacturing, which are unstable and have varying amounts of allergens, contamination, and poor immunogenicity.

Recombinant allergens are genetically engineered isoforms representing allergen molecules from allergen extracts, which opened up new avenues for the diagnosis and research of human allergic diseases.
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